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Don McNea Fire School 1. When conducting a search and rescue operation, it is important that the search be conducted in a systematic and safe manner. Smoke can disorient searchers and make it
difficult to find a safe exit. Firefighters should always search in pairs. The search should begin either to the right or to the left and continue in the chosen direction until all rooms on the floor have been searched.
After a room has been searched, it should be marked so that other search personnel will not search it again. This can be done by placing a chalk mark on the outside of the door, by placing rubber bands or washers on the
doorknobs, or by placing a folded mattress at the outside of the doorway. Firefighters Thomas and Carlson entered a burning office building to search for possible victims. They ran up to the second floor. There was a
lot of thick smoke. Thomas started searching to the right and Carlson went to the left. Each continued in the same direction throughout the search and marked each room with a washer around the doorknob when it had been
searched. Was there a potentially serious safety problem here? A) No, the search was conducted according to proper procedures. Use the following information to answer questions 2 and 3: Convection Convection, as it applies to the fire service, is the
transmission of heat by the movement of heated gases. In the process of convection, the heated gases from a burning substance move forming a current. The most common fires caused by convection currents are those caused
by the passage of heated gases to upper floors of buildings from a fire on the lower floor and the passage of heated gases and embers from one burning building to another building. Firefighters should be acquainted
with convection currents as a cause of fire spread. It is the presence of convection currents of heated gases that creates the possibility of "backdraft" and/or "mushrooming" of the fire within a
burning building and also the pre-heating of a building within the path of conflagrations. The hot, expanded gases that have become proportionately lighter will rise within a building giving off their heat to all the
objects with which they come into contact. This rise of hot gases will continue vertically through all openings that will permit their passage, such as stairways, elevator shafts, dumbwaiters, non-fire stopped studding
spaces, light wells, chutes, pipe holes, etc., until they are arrested. They will then build downward and/or spread horizontally. All combustible material that has come in contact with the heated gases will be heated.
However, there will be no flame or fire due to the fact that one of the factors for combustion, namely, oxygen, will be absent. The admission of air containing oxygen would cause these heated combustible gases or the
heated combustible material to burn rapidly. The rapidity of this burning may cause a "backdraft". Convection currents are a common means of upward spread of fire, involving entire buildings. In many
instances, they will miss or bypass a story and cause fire on one that is higher, such as a fire in an attic, extended from a fire in the basement. In some instances, the upward surge of the heated gases will continue
straight up into the air until they have dissipated their heat. However, if a strong wind is blowing, these very hot gases may be deflected back to earth, still retaining their heat. The distance of travel of convected
heat from the original fire depends upon the amount of heat generated and the velocity of the wind. In conflagrations such as large lumber yard fires, where considerable material is burning, convected heat may start
fires several hundred feet distant from the original fire due to the heat concentration. The burning embers carried in the upward surge of the heated gases may be carried by the wind and fall on other combustible
materials. 2. According to the passage: A) Hot expanded gases that have become heavier will rise to upper floors. 3. According to the passage: A) The presence of conduction currents of heated gases create the possibility of a backdraft.
Use the information below to answer questions 4-6: You are Firefighter Westwood. You are with the second fire truck to arrive at the scene of a fire in a five story apartment house. The Chief at the scene is
Battalion Chief Battle. Your superior is Lt. Lotto. Your company also includes Firefighters Larkins, Throttle, and Wings. The other company's members are on the roof or inside already, so you cannot see them. But you
know that their Lieutenant is Lt. Wrinkles. Lt. Lotto tells you to go through the hallway of the building to the back, out the back door, and start working your way up the fire escape, making sure that nothing is
blocking access from any of the windows to the fire escape. As you are doing so, this is what you hear on your portable radio: "Johnson, what's happening on the third floor?"
"Chief, we have extensive fire in both rear apartments on the fourth floor." "Wrinkles, what's the story on the second floor?" "This is Williams on the roof. I have broken through the skylights. I haven't got the door to the roof open yet, and we need to get someone
started working down the fire escape from the roof."
4. As you start up the fire escape, you should be most concerned about: A) the first floor B) the second floor 5. The situation on the top floor is:
A) active fire B) smoke 6. Who will be coming down the fire escape as you are going up? A) Wings
Use the information below to answer questions 7 and 8: Hoselines At the scene of a fire, crews attempting to perform a rescue should have every kind of protection available. The primary type of protective
equipment is a hoseline with an adequate supply of water. The advantages of a fire stream are its effect in the control of fire in the rescue area and its cooling effect. The force of a water spray will also help
ventilate the structure. This will help to provide cool fresh air, which will assist the victims as well as the rescue crew. Another advantage of taking in a hoseline is that the hose automatically marks an escape
route. If the conditions in the structure worsen, smoke may decrease most visibility. When this occurs, the hoseline will lead the rescue team out of the structure. Since searches for victims in the fire structure must
be done quickly, the rescue crew may not be able to use hoselines in all cases. However, as the rescue continues, hoselines should be advanced to protect rescue workers and trapped victims. Fire streams may have to be
used to knock down the fire and to protect victims. At times it may be necessary to delay rescue in an area until a charged hoseline is ready to advance. The rescue crew must then enter the structure behind the
protection of the fire stream. As the fire is controlled, the rescue crew can search each room. To speed up the search of the more distant rooms, the rescue crew can leave the protection of the charged hoseline.
Before this occurs, the rescue crew must tell the firefighter on the charged line of their actions. Firefighters on the fire floor must keep in mind the presence of other rescue crews on the floors above the fire. If
it appears that the fire streams will be unable to hold the fire, instant warning must be given to the crews above the fire. Steps should be taken to provide escape by ladder. An effort should also be made to place fire
streams between the fire and the exposed rescue crews. Caution must be exercised when stretching hoselines to keep them from blocking any rescue attempts. The one exception to this would be where the fire stream is
required to protect the occupants' escape. When many persons have to get out of a building, rescue plans must be considered in the placement of equipment. This includes the stretching of hoselines. While hoselines are
designed as an extinguishment device, it is clear they are very effective in the rescue process. Firefighters must use the hoselines to assist them in all rescue operations for their safety and the safety of the trapped
victims. 7. You are on Engine 17 and have taken a hoseline into the second story of a three-story building. Engine 22 has proceeded to the third floor and is attacking the fire that is spreading upward. While
fighting the fire on the second floor, you realize that extinguishment operations are going to be difficult if not impossible and it appears that the fire is stretching above to the third floor. Which of the following
would be the correct procedure? A) order additional help into the second floor area to alleviate the situation 8. According to the passage: A) Crews attempting to perform rescue
should have every type of protection available. The primary type of protective equipment is an operating air mask. |
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